1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
Wannan aikin yana magance manyan matsaloli guda biyu da ke kawo cikas ga tabbatar da lissafin Brownian da ke amfani da alamu a aikace: sarƙaƙƙiyar kera kewayawa saboda tsangwamar wayoyi da kuma saurin lissafin da ke gudana da zafi na yanayi wanda ke da sauri kaɗan. Masu binciken sun ba da shawara wani sabon tsari na kewayawa marar tsangwama don na'urar ƙara rabin adadi, kuma sun gabatar da ra'ayin haɓaka "watsawar wucin gadi" ta hanyar tada hankali na waje (misali, amfani da ƙarfin juyawa (spin-orbit torque) don skyrmion) don hanzarta lissafi da yawa sosai.
2. Muhimman Ra'ayoyi & Bayanan Baya
2.1 Tushen Lissafin Brownian
Lissafin Brownian wata hanya ce da aka yi wahayi daga halittu wacce ke amfani da motsin zafi na yanayi na masu ɗaukar siginar keɓaɓɓu ("alamu") don aiwatar da ayyukan dabaru. Lissafi yana faruwa yayin da alamu ke bi ta hanyar kewayawa da aka ƙayyade wacce ke haɗa abubuwan shigarwa da na fitarwa. Wannan hanya tana da kyakkyawar fata musamman ga aikace-aikacen da ba su da ƙarfi sosai, kamar na'urori masu auna yanayi waɗanda za su iya tara makamashi daga muhallinsu, wanda ke mayar da ƙalubalen hayaniyar zafi a cikin ƙananan na'urori zuwa fa'ida mai amfani.
2.2 Skyrmion na Maganadisu a matsayin Alamu
Skyrmion na maganadisu ƙananan guguwar maganadisu ne waɗanda ke da kariya ta yanayin siffa, waɗanda ke nuna halayyar ɗan ƙaramin barbashi. Muhimman halayensu don lissafin Brownian sun haɗa da: kwanciyar hankali a cikin yanayin zafi daban-daban (ciki har da zafin daki), yanayin keɓancewa, da ikon yin watsawa ta hanyar zafi. Ana iya sarrafa su ta hanyar filayen maganadisu, bambance-bambancen filaye, da ƙarfin juyawa, wanda ya sa su zama zaɓaɓɓu masu yawa don aikace-aikacen dabaru da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke amfani da alamu.
3. Gudunmawar Fasaha
3.1 Zane na Kewayawa marar Tsangwama
Babban cikas na kera tsarin alamu na 2D shine tsangwamar wayoyi a cikin tsarin kewayawa na al'ada. Wannan takarda tana gabatar da wani sabon zane don na'urar ƙara rabin adadi wanda ya kawar da tsangwamar wayoyi gaba ɗaya. Wannan tsarin ba wai kawai yana sauƙaƙa aiwatar da gwaji ba, har ma ya fi ƙanƙanta, wanda ke haifar da gajeriyar hanyar tafiyar alamu kuma saboda haka ya sa lissafi ya yi sauri fiye da na tsarin zane na al'ada mai tsangwama.
3.2 Watsawar Wucin Gadi ta hanyar Tada Hankali na Waje
Don magance jinkirin lokacin lissafi wanda ke da alaƙa da motsin Brownian na tsantsa, masu binciken sun ba da shawarar haɗa wata hanyar "watsawar wucin gadi". Ta hanyar amfani da tada hankali na waje, mai yiwuwa (misali, ta hanyar ƙarfin juyawa (spin-orbit torque) don skyrmion), za a iya haɓaka motsin bazuwar na alamu sosai. Wannan hanya ta haɗaɗɗiya tana raba saurin lissafi daga zafin yanayi, yana ba da damar haɓaka sauri da yawa a farashin ƙarin makamashi don tsarin tuƙi.
4. Binciken Aiki & Sakamako
4.1 Haɓaka Saurin Lissafi
Babban sakamako shine yuwuwar haɓaka sauri a ƙididdiga. Yayin da watsawar zafi kawai ke haifar da lokutan lissafi waɗanda galibi suna da tsayi sosai don aikace-aikace, haɗa watsawar wucin gadi na iya rage waɗannan lokutan da yawa sosai. Ma'aunin watsawa mai tasiri $D_{\text{eff}}$ ya zama jimlar ɓangarorin na zafi ($D_{\text{th}}$) da na wucin gadi ($D_{\text{art}}$): $D_{\text{eff}} = D_{\text{th}} + D_{\text{art}}$. Tunda ana iya sarrafa $D_{\text{art}}$ ta hanyar girman abin motsa jiki na waje da mitar sa, za a iya sa ya rinjayi, wato, $D_{\text{art}} \gg D_{\text{th}}$.
4.2 Musanya Tsakanin Makamashi da Aiki
Tsarin ya gabatar da musanya bayyananne: ana samun ribar sauri mai yawa a farashin amfani da makamashi don tada hankali na waje. Wannan ya haifar da sararin zane inda tsarin zai iya aiki a cikin yanayin Brownian na tsantsa don ingantaccen amfani da makamashi (taro kawai) ko kuma a cikin yanayin haɗaɗɗiya/na wucin gadi don ƙarin aiki lokacin da makamashi ya kasance. Zanen marar tsangwama yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen amfani da makamashi ta hanyar rage tsawon hanya da wuraren da za su iya kama alamu.
5. Cikakkun Bayanan Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
Ana iya ƙirƙira motsin alamar skyrmion a matsayin tafiya mai son kai. A gaban ƙarfin tuƙi na waje $\vec{F}$ (misali, daga ƙarfin juyawa (spin-orbit torque)) da kuma yanayin yuwuwar $U(\vec{r})$ wanda aka ayyana ta hanyar siffar kewayawa, daidaiton Langevin yana bayyana yanayinsa:
$\gamma \frac{d\vec{r}}{dt} = -\nabla U(\vec{r}) + \vec{F} + \sqrt{2\gamma k_B T}\, \vec{\xi}(t) + \vec{\eta}_{\text{art}}(t)$
inda $\gamma$ shine ma'aunin dusar ƙanƙara, $k_B T$ shine makamashin zafi, $\vec{\xi}(t)$ shine hayaniyar fari ta Gaussian wacce ke wakiltar sauye-sauyen zafi, kuma $\vec{\eta}_{\text{art}}(t)$ yana wakiltar ɓangaren bazuwar na tada hankali na wucin gadi. Matsakaicin lokacin wucewa $\langle \tau \rangle$ don kewayawa mai siffa mai tsayi $L$ yana daidaitawa akasin ma'aunin watsawa mai tasiri: $\langle \tau \rangle \propto L^2 / D_{\text{eff}}$.
6. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari
Lamari: Zana Tashar Na'urar Auna Muhalli mai Ƙaramin Makamashi
Yanayi: Wata na'urar auna mai cin gashin kanta tana buƙatar sarrafa karatun na'urar auna da ba a saba gani ba (misali, gano bakin zafi) tare da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, galibi tana dogaro da makamashin da aka tara.
Aiwatar da Tsarin:
- Zaɓin Yanayi: Yi amfani da yanayin lissafin Brownian na tsantsa yayin lokutan hutu/ƙarancin makamashi. Tashar na'urar auna tana "barci," kuma duk wani lissafi ya dogara ne kawai akan makamashin zafi na yanayi.
- Faɗakar da Lamari: Lokacin da karatun na'urar auna ya buƙaci sarrafawa, ana amfani da ƙaramin ma'ajin makamashi don kunna tsarin watsawar wucin gadi na ɗan lokaci (bugun jini na ƙarfin juyawa (spin-orbit torque)).
- Lissafi mai Sauri: Alamar (skyrmion) ta bi ta hanyar kewayawar ƙara rabin adadi da aka riga aka tsara, marar tsangwama, cikin sauri saboda $D_{\text{art}}$, ta kammala aikin dabaru (misali, A+B) a cikin millisecond maimakon dakiku ko mintuna.
- Sakamako & Komawa cikin Hutawa: Ana yin rajistar sakamakon, ana kashe tada hankali na waje, kuma tsarin ya koma yanayin Brownian kawai mai ƙaramin makamashi, yana jiran lamari na gaba.
7. Hasashen Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba
Gaba ɗaya (shekaru 3-5): Nuna gwaji na tsarin ƙara rabin adadi marar tsangwama da aka ba da shawara tare da skyrmion a cikin saitunan dakin gwaji da aka sarrafa. Bincike zai mai da hankali kan inganta tsarin tada hankali na wucin gadi (misali, siffar bugun jini, mitar) don ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da kuma jagorantar alamu mai dogaro.
Tsakanin lokaci (shekaru 5-10): Haɓaka haɗaɗɗun na'urori masu haɗa Brownian da na al'ada don na'urorin IoT da na gefe. Waɗannan na iya ɗaukar takamaiman ayyuka masu jure wa hayaniya (misali, haɗa na'urori masu auna, gano lamari) a cikin yanayinsu na Brownian mai ƙaramin makamashi, suna tada na'urar sarrafawa ta al'ada kawai don lissafi mai sarƙaƙi.
Dogon lokaci (shekaru 10+): Tabbatar da manyan tsarin lissafi na neuromorphic waɗanda aka yi wahayi daga bazuwar a cikin kwakwalwar halittu. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kewayawar Brownian na iya kwaikwayon yanayin yuwuwar watsawa a cikin jijiyoyin jiki, wanda zai iya haifar da sabbin kayan aikin lantarki don algorithms na koyon injina masu bazuwar da lissafin yuwuwa. Bincike a cikin wasu tsarin alamu ban da skyrmion (misali, bangon yanki, kumfa) shima zai faɗaɗa.
8. Nassoshi
- M. A. Brems, M. Kläui, P. Virnau, "Circuits and excitations to enable Brownian token-based computing with skyrmions," Appl. Phys. Lett. 119, 132405 (2021).
- A. Fert, N. Reyren, V. Cros, "Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications," Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17031 (2017).
- R. P. Feynman, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," Caltech Engineering and Science (1960).
- S. Datta et al., "Proposal for a Nanoscale Magnetic Brownian Ratchet," Phys. Rev. B 83, 144412 (2011).
- International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS™), 2022 Edition, IEEE.
- J. Grollier et al., "Neuromorphic spintronics," Nat. Electron. 3, 360–370 (2020).
9. Binciken Kwararru & Sharhi Mai mahimmanci
Mahimmin Fahimta: Brems da sauransu ba kawai suna gyara lissafin Brownian ba; suna ƙoƙarin yin shiga tsakani cikakke. Ta hanyar kai hari duka tsarin jiki (kewayawa marar tsangwama) da ainihin motsi (watsawar wucin gadi), suna haɗa tazara tsakanin ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa na thermodynamic da fasaha mai yuwuwar kera da aiki mai inganci. Wannan ba game da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na tsantsa ba ne, amma game da injiniya hanyar zuwa aikace-aikace.
Kwararren Hanyar Magana: Hujjar tana da ƙarfi sosai. Matsala A (sarƙaƙƙiyar kera) an warware ta tare da ingantaccen sake fasalin yanayin siffa. Matsala B (sauri kaɗan) an magance ta ta hanyar gabatar da "mai girgiza" mai sarrafawa, mai cinye makamashi, zuwa tsarin. Haɗin gwiwar yana magance kai tsaye manyan batutuwa guda biyu da ake yawan watsi da su game da lissafin Brownian: "ba za ku iya gina shi ba" da "yana da sauri kaɗan". Yin amfani da skyrmion a matsayin misali yana da hikima, saboda ilimin kimiyyar lissafinsu da aka yi nazari sosai da kayan aikin sarrafa su suna ba da sandbox na gaske don waɗannan ra'ayoyin.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Musanyar sauri-makamashi na haɗaɗɗiya wani babban fasaha ne. Ya wuce zaɓin binary na sauri kaɗan/kyauta da sauri/tsada, yana ba da damar tsarin daidaitawa—wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa sosai da AI na gefe da IoT, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin bincike kan daidaita ƙarfin lantarki da mitar (DVFS) don na'urori masu sarrafawa. Zanen marar tsangwama, ko da yake da alama mai sauƙi, wani muhimmin yanki ne na ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na na'ura wanda galibi ake watsi da shi a cikin shawarwari na ka'idar.
Kurakurai: Giwa a cikin ɗaki shine lissafin makamashi na matakin tsarin. Ko da yake takardar ta lura da ƙarin amfani da makamashi don tuƙi, cikakken kwatancin Makamashi-kowane-Aiki da ko da mafi rashin inganci na CMOS na al'ada ya ɓace. "Da yawa" haɓaka sauri yana da kyakkyawan fata amma mai yiwuwa yana zuwa tare da farashin makamashi mai daidaito. Bugu da ƙari, dogaron ayyukan dabaru a ƙarƙashin hayaniyar wucin gadi mai ƙarfi yana buƙatar cikakken bincike na ƙididdiga—menene ƙimar kuskure lokacin da kuke girgiza alamu da ƙarfi?
Hanyoyin Aiki masu Amfani: Ga masu bincike: Mayar da hankali gaba kan ƙididdige musanyar inganci-makamashi. Haɓaka ma'auni kamar "Joule kowane bit mai dogaro" da ake amfani da shi a cikin dabaru na al'ada kuma a kwatanta su a cikin bakan Brownian-haɗaɗɗiya-na al'ada. Ga injiniyoyi: Bincika tsarin kayan bayan maganadisu masu karkace don skyrmion. Magungunan antiferromagnet na roba ko tarin yadudduka na iya ba da saurin motsi da ƙananan igiyoyin tuƙi don tsarin watsawar wucin gadi. Ga masu saka hannun jari: Ku kalli nunin haɗin aiki—kewayawar Brownian da aka haɗa zuwa na'urar auna ta gaske da kuma microcontroller na al'ada. Wannan shine cimma ma wanda ke canza wannan daga sha'awar dakin gwaji zuwa yuwuwar toshe IP don SoC masu ƙaramin makamashi.
A taƙaice, wannan aikin yana ba da mahimmin zanen injiniya. Ba ya da'awar cewa lissafin Brownian zai maye gurbin gine-ginen von Neumann, amma yana nuna hanyar da zai iya sassaƙa wani yanki: fagen lissafi mai ƙuntata makamashi, mai bazuwar, da kuma na motsa lamari, kamar yadda tsarin halittu da ya ba da wahayi ya yi.